Code P rail — informativeCode F/S rail — sell-to-coverCode M rail — exercise10b5-1 rail — planned saleEllison + Brandon-Gordon case
Literature: Cohen-Malloy-Pomorski (2012), Lakonishok-Lee (2001), Jeng-Metrick-Poteshu (2003) — open-market discretionary purchases by senior insiders are the informative archetype on average; routine sell-to-cover, exercise, and pre-planned sales carry little predictive signal. Exact transaction-code box on the Aug 7 2026 Form 4s was not confirmed from EDGAR primary filing in the research window; multiple reputable secondary sources describe both dispositions as non-discretionary sell-to-cover for tax on RSU vesting. Empirical abnormal-return magnitudes not verified — directional finding only.